Train station

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A train station (commonly station,^{[note 1]} railway station (mainly British Commonwealth) or railroad station (mainly US)) is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight (goods). It generally consists of a platform next to the tracks and a building (depot) providing related services such as ticket sales and waiting rooms. Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other transport modes such as buses.

Development

Built in 1830, Liverpool Road station in Manchester is the oldest surviving railway terminus building in the world.

The first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, opened in 1830.^[1] As of 2008, Manchester's Liverpool Road Station is preserved as part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. It resembles a row of Georgian houses. Early stations were sometimes built with both passenger and goods facilities, though some railway lines were goods-only or passenger-only, and if a line was dual-purpose there would often be a goods depot apart from the passenger station.^[2] Dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations. In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, passengers wanting to board the train had to flag the train down in order for it to stop. Such stations were known as "flag stops" or "flag stations".^[3]

The Vitebsky station in Saint Petersburg, an example of a grand Russian terminal.

Many railway stations date from the 19th century and reflect the grandiose architecture of the time, lending prestige to the city as well as to railway operations.^[4] Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles. (Germany) is now the largest crossing station and the largest two-level railway station in Europe.]] Various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of railway stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, Baroque- or Gothic-style edifices, to plainer utilitarian or modernist styles. Stations in Europe tended to follow British designs, and were in some countries, like Italy, financed by British railway companies.^[5]

Opened in 2006, Berlin Hauptbahnhof is a large modern station located at a crossing point between two major railways. Unusually, Berlin is dominated by through stations rather than terminals

Stations built more recently, like Berlin's new Hauptbahnhof station, often have a similar feel to airports, with a simple abstract style. Examples of modern stations include those on newer high-speed rail networks, such as the Shinkansen in Japan, TGV lines in France and ICE lines in Germany.

Terminus

Aerial view of the Hauptbahnhof (Main Station) in Zurich, Switzerland; As well as being a terminus, the station now has underground S-Bahn platforms serving a newer line that runs beneath the city centre.

A "terminal" or "terminus" is a station at the end of a railway line. Trains arriving there have to end their journeys (terminate) or reverse out of the station. Depending on the layout of the station, this usually permits travellers to reach all the platforms without the need to cross any tracks – the public entrance to the station and the main reception facilities being at the far end of the platforms.

Sometimes, however, the railway line continues for a short distance beyond the station, and terminating trains continue forwards after depositing their passengers, before either proceeding to sidings or reversing back to the station to pick up departing passengers.

A terminus is frequently, but not always, the final destination of trains arriving at the station. However a number of cities, especially in continental Europe, have a terminus as their main railway stations, and all main lines converge on this station. There may also be a bypass line, used by freight trains that do not need to stop at the main station. In such cases all trains passing through that main station must leave in the reverse direction from that of their arrival. There are several ways in which this can be accomplished:

• arranging for the service to be provided by a multiple unit, or push-pull train, both of which are capable of operating in either direction. The driver simply walks to the other end of the train and takes control from the other cab. This is increasingly the normal method in Europe.
• by detaching the locomotive which brought the train into the station and then either
  • using another track to "run it around" to the other end of the train, to which it then re-attaches;
  • attaching a second locomotive to the outbound end of the train; or
• by the use of a "wye", a roughly triangular arrangement of track and switches (points) where a train can reverse direction and back into the terminal.

The Grand Central Terminal in New York City is the world's largest railway station by number of platforms, having 67 tracks on two levels. It should be noted that in American usage, 'platform' refers to the island platforms and 'tracks' refers to the number of places where trains are able to stop.

Some former termini have a newer set of through platforms underneath (or above, or alongside) the terminal platforms on the main level. They are used by a cross-city extension of the main line, often for commuter trains, while the terminal platforms may serve long-distance services. Examples of underground through lines include the Thameslink platforms at St. Pancras in London, the Argyle and North Clyde lines of Glasgow's suburban rail network, the newly rebuilt Antwerp station in Belgium, the RER at the Gare du Nord in Paris, and many of the numerous S-Bahn lines at terminal stations in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, such as at Zurich Hauptbahnhof.

An American example of a terminal with this feature is Washington, DC's Union Station, where there are higher-level platforms, Gates A through G serving the terminating trains, such as some Northeast Regionals, the Vermonter and all Acela Expresses. Some other Northeast Regional trains and Atlantic Coast service trains use lower-level platforms, Gates H through L (there is no Gate I), that tunnel right under the station concourse and continue to Virginia and beyond. Auto Train uses Lorton, Virginia Station for three primary reasons:

• the tri-level auto racks used to carry the cars are too tall to fit in the tunnels;
• the platforms would be too short to accommodate the 30-60 coach trainset;
• there is not enough room and there are too many tracks, trains, buildings and people around, so loading cars would be quite tricky.

Terminus stations in large cities are by far the biggest stations, with the largets being the Grand Central Terminal in New York City, United States. Often major cities, such as London, Boston, Paris, Tokyo and Milan have more than one terminus, rather than routes straight through the city. Train journeys through such cities often require alternative transport (metro, bus or taxi) from one terminus to the other. Some cities, including New York, have both termini and through lines.

Terminals that have competing rail lines using the station frequently set up a jointly owned terminal railroad to own and operate the station and its associated tracks, switching operations.

Station facilities

The typical non-terminus Lewes railway station in East Sussex, United Kingdom. Passengers reach the island platform (on right) by a pedestrian footbridge. A second pair of platforms are out of view.

Railway stations usually have ticket booths (British English: "ticket office" or "booking office"), ticket machines, or both, although on some lines tickets are sold on board the trains. Ticket sales may also be combined with customer service desks or convenience stores. Many stations include some form of convenience store. Larger stations usually have fast-food or restaurant facilities. In some countries, stations may also have a bar or pub. Other station facilities may include: toilets, left-luggage, lost-and-found, departures and arrivals boards, luggage carts, waiting rooms, taxi ranks and bus bays. Larger or manned stations tend to have a greater range of facilities. A most basic station might only have platforms, though it might still be distinguished from a halt, a stopping or halting place that may not even have platforms.

Crowd at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Mumbai, India, Mumbai suburban railway (formerly known as Victoria Station).

In many African and South American countries, and in many places in India, stations are used as a place for public markets and other informal business. This is especially true on tourist routes or stations near tourist destinations, as souvenirs can be made and sold to "wealthy" visitors to the country.

As well as providing services for passengers and loading facilities for goods, stations can sometimes have locomotive and rolling stock depots (usually with facilities for storing and refuelling locomotives and rolling stock and carrying out minor repair jobs).

Configurations of railway stations

In addition to the basic configuration of a railway station, various features set certain types of station apart. The first is the level of the tracks. Stations are often sited where a road crosses the railway: unless the crossing is a level crossing, the road and railway will be at different levels. The platforms will often be raised or lowered relative to the station entrance: the station buildings may be on either level, or both. The other arrangement, where the station entrance and platforms are on the same level, is also common, but is perhaps rarer in urban areas, except when the station is a terminus. Elevated stations are more common, not including metro stations. Stations located at level crossings can be problematic if the train blocks the roadway while it stops, causing road traffic to wait for an extended period of time.

Occasionally a station serves two or more railway lines at differing levels. This may be due to the station's position at a point where two lines cross (example: Berlin Hauptbahnhof), or may be to provide separate station capacity for two types of service, e.g. intercity and suburban (examples: Paris-Gare de Lyon and Philadelphia's 30th Street Station), or for two different destinations.

Stations may also be classified according to the layout of the platforms. Apart from single-track lines, the most basic arrangement is a pair of railway tracks for the two directions; there is then a basic choice of an island platform between, or two separate platforms outside, the tracks. With more tracks, the possibilities expand.

Some stations have unusual platform layouts due to space constraints of the station location, or the alignment of the railway lines. Examples include staggered platforms, such as at Tutbury and Hatton railway station on the Derby - Crewe line, and curved platforms, such as Cheadle Hulme railway station on the Macclesfield to Manchester Line. Triangular stations also exist where two lines form a three-way junction and platforms are built on all three sides.

Stops

A small terminus station is St Ives, Cornwall, United Kingdom.

A remote railway halt in Scotland.

During a journey, the term station stop may be used in announcements, to differentiate a halt during which passengers may alight from a halt for another reason, such as a locomotive change.

A railway stop is a spot along a railway line, usually between stations or at a seldom-used station, where passengers can board and exit the train.

While a junction or interlocking usually divides two or more railway lines or routes, and thus has remotely or locally operated signals, a station stop does not. A station stop usually does not have any tracks other than the main tracks, and may or may not have switches (points, crossovers).

Halts

A halt, in railway parlance, is a small railway station, usually unstaffed and with few or no facilities. In some cases, trains only stop "on request"; i.e. when a passenger on the platform indicates that they wish to board, or a passenger on the train informs the crew that they wish to alight.

In the United Kingdom, most former halts on the national railway network have had the word halt removed from their names. Historically, in many instances the spelling 'halte' was used, before the spelling 'halt' became commonplace. The only passenger station with the name 'halt' still in use today on the national network is (on the station platform sign) Manchester United FC Halt, which has a service only on football match days at Old Trafford stadium. However, a number of other halts are still open and operational on privately owned, heritage, and preserved railways throughout the British Isles, and the word is often used informally to describe national rail network stations with limited service and low usage, such as the Oxfordshire Halts on the Cotswold Line. The title halt is also sometimes applied colloquially to stations served by public services but not available for use by the general public, being accessible only by persons travelling to/from an associated factory (e.g. IBM Halt)(British Steel Redcar railway station), military base (e.g. Lympstone Commando) or railway yard. The only such station where the "halt" designation is still officially used is Hoo Junction Staff Halt on the North Kent Line, which is used by staff to access marshalling yards and is not open to passengers.

The Great Western Railway, in Great Britain, began opening haltes [sic] on 12 October 1903; from 1905, the French spelling was anglicised to 'halt'. These GWR halts had the most basic facilities, with platforms long enough for just one or two carriages; some had no platform at all, necessitating the provision of steps on the carriages. There was normally no station staff at a halt, tickets being sold on the train. On 1 September 1904, a larger version, known on the GWR as a 'platform' instead of a 'halt', was introduced; these had longer platforms, and were usually staffed by a senior grade porter, who sold tickets, and sometimes booked parcels or milk consignments.^[6][7]

In many Commonwealth countries, the term "halt" is still used.

In the United States, such stations are now referred to as a flag stop.

Accessibility

Security personnel patrolling at Anantnag railway station, India.

Accessibility for people with disabilities is mandated by law in some countries. Considerations include: elevator or ramp access to all platforms, matching platform height to train floors, making wheelchair lifts available when platforms do not match vehicle floors, accessible toilets and pay phones, audible station announcements, and safety measures such as tactile marking of platform edges.

Ring

The ring is the approximate area between 0.25 miles (0.40 km) radius (the core) and 0.50 miles (0.80 km) radius from a rail transit station, representing about a 10 to15-minute walk to the station.

Goods stations

Goods station with fan of sidings and hump signals at Rostock, former East Germany, 1986

Goods or freight stations deal exclusively or predominantly with the loading and unloading of goods and may well have marshalling yards (classification yards) for the sorting of wagons.

As goods have been increasingly moved by road, many former goods stations, as well as the goods sheds at passenger stations, have closed. In addition, many goods stations today are used purely for the cross-loading of freight and may be known as transshipment stations. Where they primarily handle containers they are also known as container stations or terminals.

Largest and busiest stations

Nagoya Station in Japan is the world's tallest railway station building. The Gare du Nord in France is Europe's busiest station. Clapham Junction, in South London, United Kingdom, is the busiest station in terms of rail traffic with an average of one train every 13 seconds at peak times.

Worldwide

• The world's busiest passenger station, in terms of daily passenger throughput, is Shinjuku Station in Tokyo, Japan.^[8] The station was used by an average of 3.64 million people per day in 2007.
  • Ikebukuro Station in Tokyo is the world's second-busiest. The station was used by an average of 2.71 million people per day in 2007.
• The world's largest station is Beijing West station in Beijing, China.^[9]
• In terms of platform capacity, the world's largest station by platforms is Grand Central Terminal in New York City, USA with 44 platforms and, as part of the East Side Access Project, the MTA will be adding 4 more platforms to accommodate future LIRR trains.
  • The Gare du Nord, Paris, is the second largest with 42 platforms.

Europe

Busiest

• The Gare du Nord, in Paris, is Europe's busiest railway station by total passenger numbers.
• Clapham Junction, in south London, is Europe's busiest railway station by daily rail traffic (one train every 13 seconds at peak times; one train every 30 seconds at off-peak times).
• Zurich Hauptbahnhof, Switzerland, is Europe's busiest railway terminus by daily rail traffic (Clapham Junction is a through station).

Largest

• Leipzig Hauptbahnhof in Germany is Europe's largest railway station by floor area (24 platforms and several levels of shopping facilities beneath).
• Berlin Hauptbahnhof is Europe's largest crossing station and two-level station (6 upper und 8 lower platforms).
• The Gare du Nord, in Paris, is Europe's largest railway station by number of platforms.

North America

• Penn Station in New York City is the busiest station in North America.^[10]

^[11]

Other records

• Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue in New York City is the world's largest elevated terminal with 8 tracks and 4 island platforms.
• The Shanghai South Railway Station, opened in June 2006, has the world's largest circular transparent roof.^[12]
• Châtelet-Les Halles, in the centre of Paris, is the busiest underground railway station in the world. Approximately 750,000 passengers pass through it per day.^[13]

Gallery

The unique Deutsche Bahn clock in Germany	Baggage carts for rental in a German Train station	View of Alps from Brig Train station.	Low lying platform at a station in the outskirts of Bern.
ICE at Cologne station.

See also

Notes

1. ↑ 'Station' is however commonly understood to mean 'railway station' or 'train station' unless otherwise qualified. This is evident from dictionary entries e.g. Fowler H W and Fowler F G, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, 9th ed., 1995, where the primary meaning is given as "a regular stopping place on a railway line..." and 'bus station' and 'coach station' have separate entries under 'bus' and 'coach' respectively.

References

External links

• A comprehensive technical article about stations from Railway Technical Web Pages
• Branch Line Britain gives details of many railway stations throughout Britain
• Old photos of UK railway stations old photos of British railway stations before the Beeching closures
• Railway stations photo album of railway stations around the world
• Heritage Railway Stations of Canada from Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada
• Postcards of Railroad Stations, 1903 to 1972 from the Hagley Library's Digital Archives